contiential not drifting but raising :: essays research papers

A skull of 95 million year old dinosaurs which unearthed from narmada river bed voice of India has raised hot debate among researchers.Because the dinosaurs fossils totally contradict with the possibility of continental drifting which proposed by German meteorologist Alfred Wagner.According to this theory before 200 million years ago all the present day continents were jointly present and the super continent was called as pangaea.and then splited in two major continents called as northern laurasia and the entropyern gonduwana.the theory continue to explains...From the gonduwana south America, south africa, antartica, australia, india and Madagascar separated before 150 million year ago and India was splited and drifted northward crossing the equator 70 million year ago and then collided with the Asian continet.due to the collision the Himalayas was formed and the collision also caused earthquake.But based on the study of dinosaur?s skull paleontologist say the dinosaurs that unear thed from the Gurath region was appeared 95 million years ago. The Gujarat dinosaurs hurl close relation with the dinosaurs that lived in South America and Madagascar. How this species can reach India that evolved after the splitting of these continents.To solve this problem today the supporters of Wagner explained that the splitting of gonduwana splited before speed of light millions years ago instead of 150 million years ago.But this explanation was seriously questioned by a dinosaur?s species known as saropod.this saropod dinosaurs appeared still 65 million years ago. The saropod dinosaurs also lived in South America, and Madagascar. During this period the Indian continent splited from this continents and crossed the equator and existed as an island continent which surrounded by ocean. so obviously there is no way for the saropod dinosaurs to reach India.And supporters of Wagner also have no explanation for this question.But paleontologist said saropod dinosaurs entered in to the India before 65 millions years ago. This proves that India has always attached with Asia as now. And also disproved the drifting continents story. If the continents were not drifting then what caused the earthquake?Whale fossils are discovered from simla hill region and Kutch region of gujaath.which indicate the continents are raising from beneath the ocean. And it is become clear the rising of continents from the earth surface caused the earth trembling. PROOF FOR CONTINENTS ARE cost increase UPWARDPosted Date 26/05/2005 - Author G.Ponmudi Trilobites is a shrimp like creatures which lived 540-560 millions years go under seawater and for some unknown terra firma they become extinct.

The aztecs :: essays research papers fc

A Travel Guide to the Aztecs______________________ Honor Code This is the 13th century and this is Nadir, from the History channel 13. This guide will ground to you how fun and amazing a trip to the Aztec civilization can be, so if you ever want to visit the Aztec civilization this paper should be your travel guide. I have lived almost all my life learning about the Aztecs and wor female monarch for the History channel 13. I will guide you through the Aztec civilization, how they live, their economy, food, geography, government, language, people and religion.The Aztec imperium was discovered was discovered and conquered by a conquistador known as Cortes. Cortes arrived in Mexico in 1519 and at arriving he burnt all his ships, so that no peerless could go back. Cortes kidnapped Montezuma 1, and bribed the whole Aztec tribe. Montezuma 1 ended up dyeing and Cortes escaped. But Cortes came back and by 1527 totally finished the Aztec empire.During the 1100s and1200s, the Aztec people were searching for a saucily home. They decided to settle close to the ruins of the old city, Tula. One of the Aztec gods had told the Aztec people that there would be a sign which would show were the Aztec people should settle, and this sign was an eagle carrying a serpent.* After traveling for about two-hundred years they saw this sign. This sign was actually an eagle sitting on top of a cactus, but as they had been searching for a long time they took this as the sign. But this new place had a lot of hostile inhabitants and they were not happy with the Aztecs coming to their land. They made the Aztecs liquidate taxes to their king, and they treated them very badly. They ended up killing the Aztec king to gain full authority. The new king of the Aztecs joined up with the Texcoco and overcame the Tepanec Empire. After this war, the Aztecs got their first king Montezuma 1st. The Aztecs also defeated the city of Tlateclolco, which ended after a long time. In 1519, when Cortes arrive d, Tenochitlian was a place where merchants and soldiers controlled a substantial amount of Meso America. The Aztec Empire started falling in 1521 when the Spaniards and their leader Cortes captured their king Montezuma and cut down their food supplies.A person who was an Aztec needed to follow eight rules, to lead what is called an exemplary life*.

The Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War is truly one of the most unique wars ever fought by the Unites States of by any estate. It was never officially state a war (Knowll, 3). It had no official beginning nor an official end. It was fought over 10,000 miles away in a virtually unknown country. The enemy and the allies looked incisively the alike, and may by day be a friend but by night become an enemy (Aaseng 113). It matched the tried and true tactics of man War 2 against a hide, run, and shoot technique known as Guerrilla Warfare. It matched some of the best trained soldiers in the world against largely an untrained militia of untrained farmers. The United States soldiers had at least a meal to look forward to unlike the Communist Vietnamese soldiers who considered a fine cuisine to be cold rice and, if lucky, rat meat. The Vietnam War matched the most technically advanced country with one of the least advanced, and the lesser advanced not altogether beat but humiliated the stronges t military in the world (Aaseng, 111). When the war was finally showing signs of end, the Vietnamese returned to a newly unified communist country while the United Stated soldiers returned to be called baby killers, and were often spat upon. With the complexities of war already long overdrawn because of the length of the war it is no wonder the reversive solders often left home confused and returned home insane. Through an examination of the Vietnam War, in particular an event know as the My Lai Massacre, and the people involved with both, it understructure be proven that when the threshold for violence of a person is met or exceeded, the resulting psychological scarring becomes the most prominent reason for war being hell.Although officially, the Vietnam Conflict had incomplete a beginning nor an end, for the purpose of this paper it can be best examined through the decade the United States was involved February 6, 1965 - August 30, 1975. During World War Two the French had been a major ally to the United States in the defeat of Adolph Hitler and the Axis Powers. France occupied and claimed the small coastline country of Vietnam in Indochina. In this region there had been recent Communist uprisings funded by the USSR The Vietnamese were willing to accept Communism in return for what they had been fighting for over 2000 years self rule.

Grief and Bereavement Essay -- essays research papers fc

tribulation and BereavementCHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBlessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted. Matthew 54 Crisis involved with loss of other human being is the intensive of all(a) types of crises. This paper I will be dialogueing in the first place about grief through people loss, as it is something, which happens suddenly, and which can also lead into intense grief. In this paper I want to also talk about how we as a Christian and especially as a pastor will be equal to(p) to cope with or help a someone that is undergoing this grief situation. This is because many of the times when we see someone undergoing this kind of crisis of grief, we tend to ignore it or we try to take over the grief to ourselves. score of all this when we try to convince the person that is in this crisis that it is not there at all. Grieving is an overall response to a number of different kinds of problems. trouble is not something that people is bound to experience but something that has co nsistently occurred in the lives of many. A loss may not necessarily initiate an experience of grief. that if there is an attachment emotionally to that loss then there might be grief. Grief is a part of human life. CHAPTER IITERMINOLOGYWhat is Grief?According to Websters Dictionary Grief is mentioned as intense emotional suffering caused by loss, misfortune, injury or evils of any kind, sorrow, and regret. Grief is considered to be a normal response to loss of any significant thing or person. Grief brings about a lack of meaning in the life of the person he, or she feels empty and sadness fills in. There are two kinds of grief and these are Normal grief and morbid grief.Normal GriefIt is seen as when individuals or family members who sport been deeply affected by a death or anticipated death, who are able to openly grieve with each other and consume help from others as they experience the various stages of the grief process. Some of the symptoms seen in this kind of grief, emp ty feelings, sighing deeply, lack of appetite, overeating out of tension, unable to sleep. Sometimes there is a struggle with the way one feels about his or her relationship with the Lord. Some of them feel like God is has gone away from them. Most of them have trouble rejoicing in the Lord. Sometimes they over spiritualise the loss and hold back the question of Gods involvement in the loss. Morbid Gr... ... his way of normal living. Pastors needs to understand these three stages or phases of grief and should be able to help the griever with the knowledge of these. And along side all this we should be able to pray for the griever at all time, asking God to give him comfort. Most of all I would suggest that we should be able to Love and Care for the grieving person and help him to cope to a new way of life. BIBLIOGRAPHYCrick, Robert, D. Min., Grief, death, dying, and Bereavement A general overview of the Dynamics of Grief circumstances People in Crisis, ed. Donald S. Aultman. Cleve land Church of God School of Ministry, 2003. McMahan, Oliver, Scriptural Counselling, A God-centered Method. Cleveland Pathway Press, 1995.Simpson, Carl Dr., Professor for European Theological Seminary, Lecture from Pastoral Counselling, 07. April 2005, Freundenstadt-Kniebis, Germany. Switzer, David K., The Minister as Crisis Counsellor, Nashville Abingdon Press, 1974.The New International Version. Grand Rapids, MI Zondervan Publishing House, 1984Webster, Noah L.L.D, Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language. Cleveland The World Publishing Company, 1966.

A View From the Bridge - Arthur Miller :: English Literature

A VIEW FROM THE BRIDGEWe have been studying A view from the Bridge which has been writtenby Arthur Miller. This is the story of Eddie Carbone who is an ItalianAmerican who lives with his wife Beatrice and niece Catherine,When Beatrices cousins Marco and Rodolpho, anticipate refuge as culpableimmigrants from Sicily, Eddie agrees to give them shelter. Catherinefalls in love with Rodolpho, which creates trouble. Eddies jealousyculminates in an unforgivable crime against his family and the Italiancommunity.In this scene I will analyse how Eddie tries to speak out to Marcoab extinct Rodolpho going out and coming home late at night with Catherine.Eddie is jealous and he thinks that Rodolpho is trying to brand a moveon his beloved niece Catherine.While Beatrice was trying to stand up for Catherine, Eddie tries tomake a point to Marco about not letting Rodolpho to go out a lot, curiously with Catherine.While Eddie is reading his paper, Catherine gets up, puts the recordon the phonograph and asks Rodolpho to dance. As Catherine, asksRodolpho to dance, Eddie freezes and with respect towards EddieRodolpho does not accept the dance. Beatrice persuades Rodolpho to goa head. Rodolpho rises stiffely, mental picture Eddies eyes on his stand andthey dance. Marco then tells everyone that, that Rodolpho can cook.Eddie gets surprised. Then Eddie asks Marco and Rodolpho if they wantto go and see a real fight. Catherine goes to make coffee. Eddie theninsists Rodolpho to l pull a boxing move from him. however then Eddiecrosses the limit by punching Rodolpho on the face. Marco gets up andCatherine rushes in to see what had happen. Marco gets angry and thenperforms the chair lifting towards Eddie.We learn a lot about the characters in this scene. In this scene theyshow a lot of tension. We learn a lot about Immigrants, how they haveto stay out of sight, the difference between wakeless and illegalimmigrants, we also learn about Eddies jealousy, Catherine andRodolphos relationshi p, Beatrices support and Marcos chair liftingscene.Eddie shows us that he is a family man about when he is alwayssupporting the family by earning the money, selfish about Catherineand Rodolphos relationship as if he wanted to be the only man inCatherines life and all over protective for Catherine. Catherine is akind, teenage and modern girl of her generation. Beatrice is a kind,caring and supportive person towards Catherine and Eddie, Marco is afamily man, sensible and determined to earn a life in America and toearn money for his family back in Sicily and as for Rodolpho, he isA View From the Bridge - Arthur Miller English LiteratureA VIEW FROM THE BRIDGEWe have been studying A view from the Bridge which has been writtenby Arthur Miller. This is the story of Eddie Carbone who is an ItalianAmerican who lives with his wife Beatrice and niece Catherine,When Beatrices cousins Marco and Rodolpho, seek refuge as illegalimmigrants from Sicily, Eddie agrees to give them shelter. Cathe rinefalls in love with Rodolpho, which creates trouble. Eddies jealousyculminates in an unforgivable crime against his family and the Italiancommunity.In this scene I will analyse how Eddie tries to complain to Marcoabout Rodolpho going out and coming home late at night with Catherine.Eddie is jealous and he thinks that Rodolpho is trying to make a moveon his beloved niece Catherine.While Beatrice was trying to stand up for Catherine, Eddie tries tomake a point to Marco about not letting Rodolpho to go out a lot,especially with Catherine.While Eddie is reading his paper, Catherine gets up, puts the recordon the phonograph and asks Rodolpho to dance. As Catherine, asksRodolpho to dance, Eddie freezes and with respect towards EddieRodolpho does not accept the dance. Beatrice persuades Rodolpho to goa head. Rodolpho rises stiffely, feeling Eddies eyes on his back andthey dance. Marco then tells everyone that, that Rodolpho can cook.Eddie gets surprised. Then Eddie asks Marco and Rodolp ho if they wantto go and see a real fight. Catherine goes to make coffee. Eddie theninsists Rodolpho to learn a boxing move from him. But then Eddiecrosses the limit by punching Rodolpho on the face. Marco gets up andCatherine rushes in to see what had happen. Marco gets angry and thenperforms the chair lifting towards Eddie.We learn a lot about the characters in this scene. In this scene theyshow a lot of tension. We learn a lot about Immigrants, how they haveto stay out of sight, the difference between legal and illegalimmigrants, we also learn about Eddies jealousy, Catherine andRodolphos relationship, Beatrices support and Marcos chair liftingscene.Eddie shows us that he is a family man about when he is alwayssupporting the family by earning the money, selfish about Catherineand Rodolphos relationship as if he wanted to be the only man inCatherines life and over protective for Catherine. Catherine is akind, young and modern girl of her generation. Beatrice is a kind,caring and s upportive person towards Catherine and Eddie, Marco is afamily man, sensible and determined to earn a living in America and toearn money for his family back in Sicily and as for Rodolpho, he is

A View From the Bridge - Arthur Miller :: English Literature

A VIEW FROM THE BRIDGEWe have been studying A view from the connect which has been writtenby Arthur Miller. This is the study of Eddie Carbone who is an ItalianAmerican who lives with his married woman Beatrice and niece Catherine,When Beatrices cousins Marco and Rodolpho, seek refuge as illegalimmigrants from Sicily, Eddie agrees to give them shelter. Catherinefalls in love with Rodolpho, which creates trouble. Eddies jealousyculminates in an unforgivable offence against his family and the Italiancommunity.In this survey I will analyse how Eddie tries to complain to Marco or so Rodolpho going out and coming home late at darkness with Catherine.Eddie is jealous and he thinks that Rodolpho is move to make a moveon his beloved niece Catherine.While Beatrice was trying to stand up for Catherine, Eddie tries tomake a focus to Marco about not permit Rodolpho to go out a big bucks,especially with Catherine.While Eddie is reading his paper, Catherine gets up, puts the recordon the phonograph and asks Rodolpho to dance. As Catherine, asksRodolpho to dance, Eddie freezes and with respect towards EddieRodolpho does not accept the dance. Beatrice persuades Rodolpho to goa head. Rodolpho rises stiffely, feeling Eddies eyes on his back andthey dance. Marco then tells everyone that, that Rodolpho can cook.Eddie gets surprised. Then Eddie asks Marco and Rodolpho if they wantto go and see a palpable fight. Catherine goes to make coffee. Eddie theninsists Rodolpho to show a boxing move from him. But then Eddiecrosses the limit by punching Rodolpho on the face. Marco gets up andCatherine rushes in to see what had happen. Marco gets fierce and thenperforms the chair lifting towards Eddie.We teach a lot about the characters in this scene. In this scene theyshow a lot of tension. We learn a lot about Immigrants, how they haveto wait out of sight, the difference between legal and illegalimmigrants, we also learn about Eddies jealousy, Catherine andRodolphos relationshi p, Beatrices support and Marcos chair liftingscene.Eddie shows us that he is a family man about when he is alwayssupporting the family by earning the money, selfish about Catherineand Rodolphos relationship as if he wanted to be the scarcely man inCatherines conduct and over protective for Catherine. Catherine is akind, young and modern girl of her generation. Beatrice is a kind,caring and supportive person towards Catherine and Eddie, Marco is afamily man, tenable and determined to earn a living in America and toearn money for his family back in Sicily and as for Rodolpho, he isA View From the Bridge - Arthur Miller English LiteratureA VIEW FROM THE BRIDGEWe have been studying A view from the Bridge which has been writtenby Arthur Miller. This is the story of Eddie Carbone who is an ItalianAmerican who lives with his wife Beatrice and niece Catherine,When Beatrices cousins Marco and Rodolpho, seek refuge as illegalimmigrants from Sicily, Eddie agrees to give them shelter. Cat herinefalls in love with Rodolpho, which creates trouble. Eddies jealousyculminates in an unforgivable crime against his family and the Italiancommunity.In this scene I will analyse how Eddie tries to complain to Marcoabout Rodolpho going out and coming home late at night with Catherine.Eddie is jealous and he thinks that Rodolpho is trying to make a moveon his beloved niece Catherine.While Beatrice was trying to stand up for Catherine, Eddie tries tomake a point to Marco about not letting Rodolpho to go out a lot,especially with Catherine.While Eddie is reading his paper, Catherine gets up, puts the recordon the phonograph and asks Rodolpho to dance. As Catherine, asksRodolpho to dance, Eddie freezes and with respect towards EddieRodolpho does not accept the dance. Beatrice persuades Rodolpho to goa head. Rodolpho rises stiffely, feeling Eddies eyes on his back andthey dance. Marco then tells everyone that, that Rodolpho can cook.Eddie gets surprised. Then Eddie asks Marco and Rodo lpho if they wantto go and see a real fight. Catherine goes to make coffee. Eddie theninsists Rodolpho to learn a boxing move from him. But then Eddiecrosses the limit by punching Rodolpho on the face. Marco gets up andCatherine rushes in to see what had happen. Marco gets angry and thenperforms the chair lifting towards Eddie.We learn a lot about the characters in this scene. In this scene theyshow a lot of tension. We learn a lot about Immigrants, how they haveto stay out of sight, the difference between legal and illegalimmigrants, we also learn about Eddies jealousy, Catherine andRodolphos relationship, Beatrices support and Marcos chair liftingscene.Eddie shows us that he is a family man about when he is alwayssupporting the family by earning the money, selfish about Catherineand Rodolphos relationship as if he wanted to be the only man inCatherines life and over protective for Catherine. Catherine is akind, young and modern girl of her generation. Beatrice is a kind,caring and supportive person towards Catherine and Eddie, Marco is afamily man, sensible and determined to earn a living in America and toearn money for his family back in Sicily and as for Rodolpho, he is

Ralph Lauren Fictional Marketing Plan

MARKETING PLAN For an exclusive Ralph Lauren Retail outlet in Goa Prep ared by Anisha Shaikh Allan Rebello CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Ralph Lauren green goddess is a luxury clothing and goods company of the American look designer Ralph Lauren. Ralph Lauren specializes in high-end casual/semi-formal wear for men and women, as well as accessories, fragrances, home (bedding, towels) and housewares. It has its headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, New York City As of 2009, Ralph Lauren or their licensing partners op periodted 163 full-monetary value and 163 outlet/factory inst in all(prenominal)s around the world, including Club Monaco and Rugby rememberings.Ralph Lauren is one of the largest retailers in the unify States with revenues reaching $4. 2 billion in 2007. Ralph Lauren leave behind be locatedlocated 1. 2 Objectives 1. To create a shopping environment that caters to the invest need of the Premium Class component of Goa 2. To receive a 50% profit margin within the firs t class. 3. To have a clientbase of add up 1,000 by the end of the first operating year. 1. 3 Mission Ralph Laurensmission is to offer quality products 1. 3 Keys to SuccessIn order to succeed in the apparel industry Ralph Lauren must Carry a collection of sizes to fit the much frames of the target customer base. Provide customers with top class personalized customer serve in an atmosphere of high class service Advertise and promote in areas that our target customer base will learn virtually our hold on Continuously review inventory and sales and adjust our inventory levels accordly CHAPTER II DATA ANALYSIS 2. 1 Why should Ralph Lauren and international strike out yield up in Goa?Goa is the smallest state in India but it is the Indias richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best rankd state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of animateness i n India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators. Goas gross state domestic product for 2007 is estimated at $3 billion in current prices. Goa is one of Indias richest states with the highest GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole and one of its hurrying product rates 8. 3% (yearly average 19902000). Tourism is Goas primary industry it handles 12% of all foreign touring car arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons winter and summer. As per exposits from Census 2011, Goa has population of 14. 57 Lakh, an increase from figure of 13. 48 Lakh in 2001 census. Parliamentary Affairs Ashwini Kumar said that Goa transcend the list with an annual per capita income (PCI) of Rs. 1,32,719 in the last fiscal. 2. 2 LOCATION AND OWNERSHIP 2. 2. 1 Company OwnershipRalph Lauren will form a agreement with Inter ads (Inter Ads is a petabiting and reputed organizer of international trade exhibitions and crowds in India, in partne rship with global exhibition focusing companies, who are highly acclaimed for innovation and excellence in organizing exhibitions). Inter ads will help Ralph Lauren from scratch i. e. is from negotiating the location till the store is repair, and to a fault the day to day operations of the store. Location The location chosen for the store is Caranzalem in Panjim. 2. 2. 2 Why Panjim? Area (sq km) 4000 Population (2001 census) 1. 34 million Literacy rate (%) 82. 3 Sex ratio (per 1000 males) 960 Length of coastline 130 km National Highway length 224 km Domestic International airport Dabolim (25 km from Panaji, the capital) Major Ports Mormugao, Panaji (minor port) With a population of 65,000 in the urban center and approximately 100,000 in the metropolitan area, Panaji is Goas third largest city after Vasco da Gama and Margao. Goa topped the list with an annual per capita income (PCI) of Rs. 1,32,719 in the last fiscal.The location that is chosen is close to the the main city, Goa know guidege Center, Miramar beach and come ina Paula both are famous tourist destinations. Miramar beach is the closest beach to Panjim. It lies 3 kilometers from the city. Its one of the most scenic beaches of Goa and a very ideal place to set up a Luxury showroom desire that of Ralph lauren, Unlike other brimes in Goa where you will find mainly tourists, Miramar Beach has visitors that comprise local anaesthetics as well as tourists. The beach hosts a lot of cultural events and games. This would act as an added advantage to the brand. The area with the most retail outlets i. . eighteenth June road Panaji hasnt been taken into consideration because there are so many brands attempting to gain a foothold in the market and this would be a problem for Ralph Lauren as the other brands have a competitive advantage on the price aspect. (Dr Jack Sequeira road nr Goa science center) All business deliveries and shipments will be handled through the store. The company of fice will also be housed at this location. 2. 3 Products Ralph Lauren would bring scarcely its Polo brand to India. Polo has huge brand deferred payment in India and its popularity cuts across generations of young, middle-aged and seniors.Only the apparels will be brought to India under which the Polos, sports shirts, dress shirts, pants, jeans, and a range of shoes will be sold in the outlet. As soon as the outlet has been established Ralph Lauren will also come up with products of a wide range mainly emphasizing on price flexibility. One of the main aims of the company is to increase our target market and to do this there is a need to come up with more products. After a certain point we could even diversify in producing Indian apparel for the Indian customer.Below are the products that Ralph Lauren will introduce in India and the price of the products. Polos internet Polo Rs 4421 Big pony Polo Rs 5000 Brights Polo Rs 5200 Sports shirts Solid Poplin Rs 4629 Linen shirts Rs 6500 Premier oxford Rs 5097 Madras workshirt Rs 7452 Formal Shirts Twill Regent Rs 7542 Fit Solid Regent Rs 6502 Fit cut Regent Rs 6502 Pinpoint oxford Rs 4421 Pants Five pocket Chino Rs 4000 Preston tissue Chino Rs 4135 Jeans Stanton Wash Rs 4420 Hudson Jean Rs 5100 Antique Jean Rs 3589 Lispenard wash jean Rs 2548 NB These prices are the existing showroom prices.In the future Ralph Lauren has plans to come up with products that have affordable prices which is suitable for mainly the upper middle class segment. The products again will be only from its Polo brand. 2. 4 Market Analysis The primary target customer of Ralph Lauren will be the Premium Class Segment located in the City of Panaji. As we are situated in the center of their residental area we believe they will make up the largest percentage of our customer base. The secondary target customers are the hurrying Middle Class in the area. The last target customer of Ralph Lauren is listed as other.As popularity about the store inc reases we expect to see a variety of curiosity seekers, and local residentsfrom the area as well as seasonal purchasers during season. 2. 4. 1 Market Needs There are several important needs in the western sandwich wear apparel business that are being either underserved or not met at all. Ralph Lauren plans to meet and service those needs. Focus and attention to customers personal preferences and customer retention will be given high priority. Because of the high rate of employee turnover at major mass retailers, customer service and personal detail has beenlost. . 4. 2 Market trends Goa has dish out so many things and among them is fashion, for the hep and moneyed, Fashion shows have becoming quite common in Goa, and pleasantly rich shifting their tension from the city highspots to the outskirts and Goas splendid beaches Anjuna, Baga and even Utorda. Nowa long time fashion folk leave no adjective untouched. Neither do they leave anything to mental imagery the cuts and lengths be coming more bold and beautiful than ever before exposing much more shape and curve than exposed ever before coupling the catwalk do with all sorts of in elements and in spots.An opportunity like this should not be missed out by Ralph Lauren. 2. 4. 3 Market Growth The old days have gone where everybody would think that Goans wear Bermuda shorts and Sunset Orange cotton shirts and get going, the Clothes scenario has changed to a keen extent with many international players entering Goa there has been a lot of growth in the market, Goans are ready to shell out a big amount on branded luxury clothes because it gives them a feel of quality and comfort. Nowadays wearing branded clothes is become like a trend.Another factor that has led to an increase in the market growth is the increasing per capita income of people in Goa. Thus the spending power of the people has increased 2. 4. 4 Competitors As mentioned previous Goa is not untapped in this segment of the market there are many brands who have made their presence felt many of which are in Panaji itself. Mahatma Gandhi Road is one of the most popular shopping avenues in Panaji with several stores selling branded goods present here. Theres United Colours of Benetton (UCB), Wrangler, Woodlands , Levis Strauss , Wills modus vivendi store , Spykar, Allen Solly, etc to choose from.All these stores are incidentally packed within an area less than a 100 square meters. The 18th June Road runs parallel to MG road and also hosts some branded showrooms. Arrow has an exclusive store here, so does the world famous brand Lee. Navelkar Arcade located pricyby has another(prenominal) popular brand T, which has a wide range of clothing for men and women. Popular apparel brand Weekender , also has an exclusive store near the Don Bosco School in Panaji. 2. 4. 5 Industry Analysis Retail outlets Most of the brands sell their products in a retail outlet which is situated in the city areas i. e.Panaji Vasco and Margao. The stores are mo stly placed in very convenient areas so that distribution is not a major problem. centre of attentions There are malls in Goa e. g. Caculo Mall and Big G Mall under which versatile brands are housed some of the brands are Black Berry, Lee, Lacoste, Van Heusen, Wrangler John Players etc. 2. 4. 6 lead Market Ralph Lauren is entering its first year of operation and will basically cater to those customers who prefer wearing luxury clothes of high quality and great value. In Mid 2013 we will try and reach out to more customers in India by having a restrict up with any large retail chain.We will also have a tie up with top modeling agencies to promote the brand in the fashion industry The consumer preference in Goa has changed to a huge extent. Media and promotions have been the sole reasons for the brand awareness and consciousness among the consumers and the same shall be done by Ralph Lauren. This is the new trend that more and more people are buying clothes which are of a particu lar reputed brand. When they are out shopping in a shopping mall they are sure to visit one of the big brands to buy a pair of jeans or a shirt from the shop.Today the Goan customers are eager to shell out a fortune to buy branded cloths. The common concept is that the clothing brands provide high quality and great comfort. And hence more and more people are becoming brand loyalist even though they have to give out quite a huge sum of money while devising purchases. Ralph lauren is planning to enter India mainly due to the great demand that has been noticed from the customers. Ralph Laurens main target audience will be the people from the premium segment .Their disposable income should be Rs 50,000 and they should be literate in order to understand our ad campaigns. The target audience that we are looking for are the ones who are ready to shell out a huge amount of money to buy our products. And they should be brand conscious. Since Goa is a state with the highest per capita income the target market doesnt take care to be really difficult to find. The possibility of the desired target audience is high because there are many industries like Mining, Shipbuilding, Pharmaceutical, Hospitality etc in Goa are flourishing.Many rich people are also becoming very fashion conscious and they actively are the spectators for the Goa Fashion week which is gaining a lot of popularity, and our promotional campaigns deals with showcasing our brand at the Goa fashion week, thus providing exposure to our target audience. We will expect to reach our target audience through our various Promotional Campaigns. date Ralph Lauren segments its customers according to their age. Its provides all type of brands for the youth (24-26 yrs) Middle age(28-50) ages and old people (60 + yrs)Gender Gender segmentation of Ralph Lauren in Goa right now is for male and females. They get brands for both genders. Occupations In the occupational segmentation they have segmented their market in diff erent ways. Professionals, business men & women and executives. Education Well educated people. 2. 5 Competitive Edge & sales Prospects Ralph Lauren has a number of advantages that will allowus to build brand identity, add value to our merchandise and build a loyal customer basewhile standing apartfromour competitors. The Ralph Lauren Card will entitle customers to a 15% discount after ten purchases. Our location is profound to our target customer base. We will maintain a detailed record on each customer, logging addresses, their purchases, size, and brand for customer follow-up and in-house promotional purposes. CHAPTER trio MARKETING PLAN 3. 1 Marketing Strategy Our marketing strategy will focus heavily on sales promotion, niche positioning in the market and customer service with loyalty and retention in sales. Our promotions will always stay in tune with our company bjectives and mission statement. 3. 2 Sales Strategy We will utilize the Retail ICE POS software with every sales transaction. With each purchase the softwarewill record and maintain in its database the customers name, address and purchases. This information will be used with our direct mailing program to focus on our top 50% of customers. We will offer a 14 day return/exchange policy to build trust with our customers and maintain retention and loyalty. 3. 3 Promotion Strategy Ralph Lauren will follow an fast-growing(a) yet creative promotional plan.This will allow us to focus directlyon our target customer 3. 3. 1 Store design The store will be exclusively set up as the actual Ralph Lauren outlet. The rich look it gives with the exclusive interiors. This is basically visual merchandising and will lead to attract our target market and generate awareness. Prior to set downing the store Ralph Lauren can go for aggressive advertising of the store i. e. build up a big store similar to a mobile van but big in size this store will go around place like Panjim, Candolim, Mapusa, Porvorim, Calan gute.The main aim of this mobile van is to go around place where you find premium class coming most of the time for e. g. near Caculo Mall. A van will be taken on lease for a period of 1 month and it will be decorated like Ralph Lauren store. This activity is being carried out in order to generate awareness and create hype about the big brand coming to Goa. 3. 3. 2 bring out media write media is classified as anything that is in print and is also used to inform the public it is a very effective means of conveying the ad across.The print media can further be divided into newspapers and magazines. Leading Newspaper ads will be given like The Navhind Times, Herald and the Times of India a skybus ad will be given i. e. the ad which show ups and the top portion of the newspaper Ads will also be given in magazines like Femine, The Womens era and top leading Magazines in Goa. The cost of putting one full page issue on a magazine averages from 9000/- to 12000/- (Price varies accordin g to different magazines) Others modes of Print media advertising 5,000 45 color flyers/postcards will be distributed throughout the city 2,500 full-color postcard flyers with a 10% coupon will be distributed in and around Candolim and Panjim area like Mapusa, Porvorim, Calangute outside locations like CCDs, Caculo, Osia, Casinos etc mainly places where posh people visit 5,000 business cards with a Ralph Lauren familiar Shopper Card on the reverse side entitling the customer to a 15% discount on the eleventh purchase after ten purchases will be printed and distributed.The aim of this activity is to allow people to visit and encourage frequent purchasing 3. 3. 3 Creative advertisements o They can have regular ads for various occasions like Diwali Christmas, National Days 3. 3. 4 Email marketing and SMS marketing A direct mail program that will further focus on and target the top 50% customer base with special in-house sales and promotions 200grand opening invites will be mailed to strength new customers two weeks before the grand opening.The invitation will also include a promotional 10% coupon off a customers first purchase. The customer mailing list will be made from contacts made by the franchise. Mailers should be sent to customers updating them about the latest offers, discounts etc A reduce conference will be organized in order to attract all the media people. A press release turnout will be given to all major media outletsin Candolim and Panjim highlighting the grand opening of the new Ralph Lauren apparel retailer in the city, who will also be attending the Press conference.This kit will include a press release, pictures of the interior space, color postcard/flyer, and a business card. The press will also be asked to put up a article about the company which will include storytelling ads of Ralph Lauren. The cost the press will include conference hall, snacks, cost of sending s to media houses, and the press kit. The average cost will be around 80,000 SMS Marketing will be done in order make people aware about the latest offers, discounts etc. the cost of advertising on mVayoo. com is 50,000 p. a. 3. 3. 5 Online marketingFacebook Advertising Facebookis asocial networking serviceand Web site launched in February 2004, operated and privately own by Facebook, Inc. As of July 2011, Facebook has more than 800million active users Facebook ad growth Spending on clicks and impressions of Facebook ads have both grown dramatically between Q2 2010 and Q2 2011,according topdf data from Ignition One. Results of the Q2 2011 US Online Advertising Report show that Facebook ad spend on all clients increased 281% year-over-year in Q2, while Facebook ad impressions of all clients grew 200%.Ignition One analysis indicates Facebook advertising has experienced high rates of growth due to new marketer adoption in the past year. As seen above the growth of Facebook has been increasing day by day and the number of customers is also increasing da y by day. Advertising of Facebook will provide a wide platform for ancestral Goa to target million Facebook users all over the world. And mostly users are for all age group. How to make a Facebook ad Creating an ad on Facebook is very simple. Open a Facebook account (new or existing account will do).Go to Advertising Option at the bottom of the page. Click on create an ad and follow the process. Cost Same like Adwords Facebook ads work on CPC vs. CPM. What needs to be done is the company has to set a reckon which they are ready to spend each day and which method i. e. CPM or CPC should be selected and then start the campaign also the countries which the company wishes the ad to appear can be selected. Apart from this ancestral can also use other forms of advertising like Sponsored Stories. 3. 3. 6 Televison advertising Advertising will be done on local news channels like HCN, Goa 365 etc, Flip advertising will cost around 500 a day, they appear on television around 4-5 times includ ing the Voice ads Video will cost around 25,000 pm which appears around 7-8 times a day 3. 3. 7 out-of-door media Creative Billboards of Ralph Lauren can be put up like hoarding designed in the shape of clothes along with lighting which will also appear at night. This can be put up in Verna to Panjim Road. The cost of putting up a hoarding is 12,000pm approximately . 3. 8 offspring sponsorships and tie ups Ralph Lauren will have promotional campaigns and set up stalls at the world famous Sunburn festival 2013. Ralph Lauren being a reputed brand will get many appeals to sponsor but only the ones that give us a high mileage shall be taken one subject would be India Fest 2013 where we see youth from various places in India making their presence felt. Some steps would be having tie ups with event management companies that are very active in Goa like NBR Kaleidoscope and Funky Heads.The Goa Fashion week has seen an immense positive change with many world famous brands taking part and even famous designers and it would be an opportunity for Ralph Lauren to showcase its brand. To make its brand aware to the fashion conscious people Ralph Lauren will have fashion shows in events like Mr Goa and Miss Goa. 3. 4 Implementation plan The advertising will be done mainly during the season time i. e. during april may and june and in October November and December Print media April, May and June Magazines Name of the Magazine Cost per Month ( 27 cm * 21 cm) natural Cost Femine 5330 15990 Womens Era 6000 18000 Provougue 5000 15000 Vogue India 6100 18300 Elle 6100 18300 hail 85,590 Printing Flyers 1St month Flyers 0. 75 5675 Cost of the Advertisements whole year with addition to August (70500) Name of the Newspaper Cost of Colour sq/ cm Total Cost (Size 1010) + Per month p. a colour Times of India Rs. 125 sq/cm Rs. 12,500 37500 450000 Navhind times Rs. 110 sq/cm Rs. 11,000 33000 396000 Total 8,46,000 SMS Marketing whole year SMS Marketing mVa yoo 50,000 Outdoor Media whole year Outdoor Media Size Printing Cost + rent No Total cost (pm) p. a. 2,000 + 12,000 2 28,000 33,6,000 Business card 2500 Facebook Ads can have have a budget of average 5000 per day using the CPM method A budget of 4,00,000 will be allocated to event sponsorship and tie ups Total Cost Event tie ups 4,00,000 Facebook advertising 60000 Business cards 2500 Magazines 85590 Flyers 5675 Newspapers 846000 SMS 50000 Outdoor 336000 Total 17,85,765 Start-up Funding Land and building 50000000 Interiors and decorations 10000000 Promotions 1785765 114000 Cash on start up 13384 Miscelleaneous 4400 Telelphone and utilities 1,575 Insurance 600 Store 11,010 inventory 195,881 computer 10,000 legal expenses 7000 Signage (Including Permits) 1500 62145114. 5 3. 5 Sales ForecastThe sales forecast has been estimated on the basis of 5% growth rate in the garment industry in Goa. Polo Cost Price Selling price M esh Polo 3315. 75 4421 Big pony Polo 3750 5,000 Brights Polo 3900 5200 Sports shirts Solid Poplin 3471. 5 4629 Linen shirts 4875 6500 Premier oxford 3822. 75 5097 Madras workshirt 5589 7452 Formal Shirts Twill Regent 5656. 5 7542 Fit Solid Regent Rs 4876. 5 6502 Fit French Regent Rs 4876. 5 6502 Pinpoint oxford Rs 3315. 5 4421 Pants Five pocket Chino Rs 3000 4000 Preston tissue Chino 3101. 25 4135 Jeans Stanton Wash Rs 3315 4420 Hudson Jean0 3825 5100 Antique Jean 2691. 75 3589 Lispenard wash jean 1911 2548 Sales Forecast Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Polo 1949200 2,241,580 2,689,896 Sports shirts 1686915 1,939,952 2,327,943 Formal Shirts 3494960 4,019,204 4,823,045 Pants 813400 935,410 1,122,492 Jeans 2348400 2,700,660 3,240,792

Hydro electric in malaysia

Large or small hydropower, still far the most central of the renewable energy for electrical power production worldwide, providing 19% of planets electricity. However, hydropower on a small scale remains the most effective energy technologies to be considered for rural electrification In less develops country. The advantages of small hydro technology ar the system can last for 50 years or more with less concern and also environmental friendly. Malaysian government has launched the Small Renewable Energy Programme (SREP) In 2001, In order to motivate the IndependentPower Producer (IPP) in implementing the renewable energy projects in Malaysia. In 2009, there are 5 mini hydropower projects from 17 SREP participants, and one of them is Renewable Power Sdn. Bhd. This rnlnl hydro Is operating at Gadlng Reserve forest, Hulu Selangor with authorise capacity of 2. 2MW. The capital cost of this project is estimated to be paid off after 10 years generation. The barriers of this mini hydro are authority Issues, short-term get ahead minded and expensive transmission to the grid.Apart from these challenges, obviously mini hydropower is one of the most otential alternatives energy in Malaysia, suitable to the objective of Fifth Fuel Policy In Implementing renewable energy as one energy resource In Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia Tenaga Nasional Berhad operates three hydroelectric schemes in the peninsular with an installed generating capacity of 1,91 1 megawatts (MW). They are the Sungai Perak. Terengganu and Cameron Highlands hydroelectric schemes with 21 dams In operation. A number of Independent Power Producers also own and operate several small hydro plants.

Internal Factors Affect Change of Leadership in Organization

The on-line(prenominal) issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1753-8351. htm IJWHM 2,1 Work-rel taked well(p)ness attributions their impact on trifle attitudes ? ? Sara Goransson, Katharina Naswall and Magnus Sverke 6 segment of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Purpose The purpose of this conceive is to introduce the concept of massage- link up health attributions and look into the fixs of such sensings as well as of health situation on charm-related attitudes and turnover rate intentions.Design/methodology/approach Building on attribution theory, the study tests the assumption that disconfirming work-related health attributions impair employee work-related attitudes and intentions, and moderate the congener among health status and work-related attitudes. Cross-sectional questionnaire selective breeding from 785 Swedish retail white-collar workers are collected to test these assumptions by utilizing moderated regression analyses.Findings The consequences picture that forbid work-related health attributions are related to write down levels of mull propitiation and organisational commitment as well as spiriteder(prenominal)(prenominal) levels of turnover intention, even after conditionling for demographics, work climate variables, and intellectual sorrow. Further, the signi? cant interaction mingled with attributions and affable trauma indicates that it makes a disagreeence for employees turnover intentions if an individual with high mental agony attributes it to work or not.Practical implications Work-related health attributions should be taken into cypher in order to avoid impaired levels of employee work motivation. The verse introduced renders it possible to locate and help those individuals who believe that work make a motions their health nixly. Originality/value The results underscore the relevance of how individuals think their health is affected by their work, and turn overs to the understanding of how health status relates to work-related attitudes.Since the measure of work-related health attributions is easily administered it is overly valuable for practitioners on the agate line(p) with employee health and attitudes. Keywords Personal health, capriole blessedness, Employee turnover, Sick willing, Sweden Paper type Research paper International journal of Workplace wellness instruction Vol. 2 no 1, 2009 pp. 6-21 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1753-8351 DOI 10. 1108/17538350910945974 1. Introduction The high rates of sick leave and the leaven regarding the effects of work on employee health in general halt received increased attention in both research and media as of ? ate (Catalan Matamoros et al. , 2007). This increased attention, a dogged with the importance of work and health to individuals, is likely to get contributed to an increased interest among employees in how work actually affects th eir health (Harding and Hikspoors, 1995 Harpaz, 2002 Kallenberg and Larsson, 2000). The Third European Study on Working Conditions indicates, for instance, that 27 percent of employees believe that their health and safety are at risk because of their work (European Foundation, 2001).Further, a Swedish study on persons on long-term sick-leave found that 66 percent of those asked named work as the underlying cause for ? their sick-leave (Goransson et al. , 2002). Moreover, Ettner and Grzywacz (2001) found that individuals perceptions of how work affects health tend to differ between different work situations, even after dispositional differences were controlled for. nonee of these studies, however, occupy studied how employee attitudes and behavioral intentions whitethorn be affected by such a blackball view of how work affects health.We introduce the concept of work-related health attributions, which we argue may add to the understanding of the factors that contribute to varia tion in undertaking satisfaction, organisational commitment, and the will to stay with the organization. Whereas numerous studies have documented ill-health at work to be related to low telephone circuit satisfaction (Bradley and Cartwright, 2002 Fairbr other(a) and Warn, 2001 Judge and Watanabe, 1993 Spector, 1997 Wright and Bonett, 2007), low organisational commitment (Leong et al. 1996 Mathieu and Zajac, 1990), as well as turnover cognitions and behaviors (Houkes et al. , 2001 Lee, 1988 Wright and Bonett, 2007), a closer examination of these studies reveals that there are differences in the strength of the association between ill-health and variant payoffs depending on the measures used, but also between studies victimisation the very(prenominal) measures. We propose that work-related health attributions can be an great part of the mechanism determining the human social intercourseship between ill-health and various outcomes.It is likely that an individual who is not fee ling well and who attributes this to factors at work will be slight satis? ed with work, less(prenominal) committed, and to a greater extent(prenominal) prone to leave the organization, compared to an individual with same level of ill-health but who does not associate their health status with factors at work. The purpose of the pitch study is to investigate whether shun work-related health attributions are separate from ill-health, and if the concept contributes to the understanding of interdict attitudes towards the job and the organization, and turnover intentions. . 1. Work-related health attributions Work-related health attributions concern the distributor point to which the individual considers working conditions to be a strong contributing factor to her health status. The discriminated contribution of work to health can be positive, ostracize, or none at all. We propose that work-related health attributions give an important factor in explaining the link between healt h and work-related attitudes.By taking work-related health attributions into account it is possible to study differences between those who bang ill-health and attribute this to working conditions and others with ill-health which they do not believe is caused by work. According to attribution theory, people tend to look for causes for events and situations they buzz off (Michotte, 1963 Weiner, 1985 Stratton, 1997), especially when the outcome is cast out, such as in the national of ill-health.Work-related health attributions, then, can be viewed as a type of attribution, since they entail the individuals write up of events (in this case how work in? uences health). Further much, work-related health attributions focus on how the individual evaluates the contribution of work to her current or next tense health status, implying that even if the individual before long does not experience any ill-health due to work, she may see a risk of work affecting her health opposely if the situation does not change.Drawing on theories on social representation (e. g. Moscovici, 2000), we also suggest that beliefs are formed from individuals experiences as well as socially created and shared ideas and knowledge in groups. such knowledge may consist of health complaints and nausea absence among people surrounding an individual, as well as the way work and its in? uence on health is discussed in research and media (see, for ? example, Catalan Matamoros et al. , 2007), and is important in shaping the individuals perceptions of the impact of working conditions on health.Thus, negative work-related health attributions may arise both from an individuals own experiences of a negative impact of work on health and from the individuals awareness of a connection between Work-related health attributions 7 IJWHM 2,1 8 work and ill-health in the organization and society. The social aspects in the formation of attributions have been observed in preceding(prenominal) research such a s, for instance, a study where it was found that norms and social debate affected the overall attitude towards absenteeism in organizations (Van Vuuren et al. 2003). At this point, one important differentiation should be made. We consider work-related health attributions to be separate from actual ill-health at work. Actual ill-health is a general concept and takes a persons current health status and well-being into account, including such factors as problems with social functioning, sleeping problems, low self-esteem, and depression. Work-related health attributions, on the other hand, are work-focused and entail to what extent individuals perceive that work in? ences health, and do not have to be connected to actual symptoms or health status. Work-related health attributions can, in other words, be negative in spite of a person being in good health. Conversely, an individual can have symptoms of ill-health but believe that work has nothing to do with these symptoms. This discrepa ncy between health status and work-related health attributions may be due to early signs of health problems, or a conviction that the current work situation is not bene? ial to ones health in the long run, but it is ultimately based on the individuals evaluation of the situation. count on 1 summarizes the relation between ill-health and work-related health attributions, and how they are expected to relate to work attitudes and turnover intentions. 1. 2. Consequences of work-related health attributions Expectancies and beliefs, of which work-related health attributions are one example, tend to affect attitudes and behaviors (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980 Holland et al. , 2002 Weiner, 1985).In addition, the value placed on an object of interest plays an important part in shaping the attitudes toward that object (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980). Since health is important and highly valued by roughly individuals, we expect that individuals with negative work-related health attributions also con sort more negative attitudes towards work, such as lower job satisfaction and organisational commitment, and higher levels of turnover intention, compared to individuals with less negative work-related health attributions.In all employment births, it is the employer who is responsible for providing a decent work climate, preventing health risks at work, and making efforts to keep the employees sanitary (Walters, 2002). Employees expect to stay healthy at work because of labor legislation which emphasizes the employers responsibility for occupational safety and health. Employers who take measures to safeguard the work environment show that they value their employees and care about their well-being, and reinforce the Figure 1. The relation between ill-health and work-related ealth attributions and their impact on work-related attitudes employees expectations of fair treatment in the employee-employer birth. In solution to such support from the organization, employees may develop m ore positive attitudes toward the job and increase their loyalty towards the organization (see Robinson et al. , 1994 Shore and Wayne, 1993). However, employees with negative work-related health attributions probably hold their employer more or less responsible and exhibit strong negative reactions toward the organization (cf.Robinson and Morrison, 2000 Shore and Tetrick, 1994). Such reactions can include feelings of anger, disappointment, or resentment toward the party perceive as being responsible, which can be manifested as lowered satisfaction with the job and decreased commitment to the organization. Moreover, it has been argued that employees (especially those most quali? ed) tend to leave the follow when they experience unfavorable working conditions (e. g. Hirschman, 1970 Pfeffer, 1998).The same might apply to individuals high on negative work-related health attributions those who have the option may very well leave the organization if the employer does not take steps to r emedy the conditions perceived to be threatening the individuals health. We suggest that work-related health attributions should be taken into account when studying the relation between employee health and attitudes toward the organization, especially given that previous research on this relation has found differing results.However, the studies conducted consistently indicate that employee health may have a negative impact on job satisfaction, commitment and the intention to remain with the organization (see, for example, Leong et al. , 1996 Wright and Bonett, 2007). We believe that work-related health attributions make up an important part of the mechanism between employee health and its potential outcomes. 1. 3. The present studyThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the grapheme of work-related health attributions in the context of mental distress and work-related attitudes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment) and behavior (turnover intention). We propos e that low employee well-being and negative work-related health attributions, respectively, are associated with lower levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and higher levels of turnover intention.We also propose that work-related health attributions moderate the relation between mental distress and work-related outcomes, in the sense that the negative effect of ill-health on work-related attitudes is stronger among individuals who hold negative work-related health attributions than among those with more neutral work-related health attributions. Since work-related health attributions can be considered a rather new empirical construct, we analyze its conceptual relation to mental distress before going on to testing our propositions.Research has shown that characteristics of the work environment are important in shaping attitudes such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Fairbrother and Warn, 2001 Parker et al. , 2003), and turnover intention (Griffeth et al. , 2000 Lambert et al. , 2001). In order not to overestimate the effect of work-related health attributions on outcome variables, we control for factors describing the climate at work (job autonomy, quantitative role overload, qualitative role overload, workgroup cohesiveness, and job challenge), in addition to demographic characteristics (gender, age and education).The research model is diagrammatically represented in Figure 2). Work-related health attributions 9 IJWHM 2,1 10 Figure 2. Research model 2. Method 2. 1. Participants and procedure Data were collected inside the model of a project investigating how to attract, develop and retain white-collar workers in the Swedish retail and wholesale sectors. A random sample of 1,589 individuals was pinched from the membership roster of the Union of Commercial Salaried Employees (HTF), which is af? liated with the Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (TCO).The HTF, which is the union representing white-collar emplo yees in this particular sector, has a unionization rate of roughly 80 percent (Kjellberg, 2001). Questionnaires were mailed to the members homes during the spring of 2002. A cover letter explained the general aim of the study and included information about compensation for appointment in the study (a gift certi? cate was raf? ed off among the respondents) and that participation was voluntary. Participants returned their questionnaires in pre-addressed, postage-paid envelopes. Two follow-up mailings were administered to increase the response rate, one with a new questionnaire.The response rate after two follow-ups was 52 percent (n ? 829). After listwise deletion of missing data, the sample comprised 785 persons. The mean age of the participants was 44 years (SD ? 11), women made up 54 percent of the sample, 14 percent had a university exam, and the average organizational tenure was 11 years (SD ? 10). 2. 2. Measures fudge I presents the correlations, mean values, standard deviati ons, and reliability estimates (Cronbachs alpha) for all study variables. In general, the measures exhibited adequate reliability (alpha exceeding 0. 70), with the exception of qualitative role overload (alpha ? . 59). 2. 2. 1. Demographics. Gender (1 ? woman, 0 ? man) and education (1 ? university degree, 0 ? lower education) were assessed as dichotomous variables. Age was measured in years. 2 Mean SD Minimum Maximum Alpha 0. 54 0. 50 0 1 43. 57 1. 92 21 65 Gender (woman) Age 2 0. 06 Education (University) 0. 01 2 0. 04 Job autonomy 2 0. 15 0. 13 numerical role overload 2 0. 08 0. 00 Qualitative role overload 2 0. 09 0. 05 Work group cohesiveness 2 0. 04 0. 04 Job challenge 2 0. 17 0. 15 Negative work-related health attributions 0. 01 2 0. 10 Mental distress 0. 12 2 0. 10 Job satisfaction 2 0. 03 0. 15Organizational commitment 2 0. 04 0. 23 Turnover intention 2 0. 03 2 0. 20 1 0. 14 0. 35 0 1 2 0. 05 0. 00 2 0. 09 2 0. 02 2 0. 03 0. 02 2 0. 04 2 0. 08 2 0. 11 0. 08 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3. 54 0. 90 1 5 0. 78 3. 44 0. 91 1 5 0. 78 2. 22 0. 78 1 5 0. 59 3. 74 0. 96 1 5 0. 84 3. 57 0. 87 1 5 0. 74 2. 52 1. 08 1 5 0. 84 9. 19 5. 56 0 32 0. 88 3. 74 0. 91 1 5 0. 88 3. 08 0. 94 1 5 0. 71 2 0. 13 2 0. 08 0. 31 0. 32 2 0. 09 2 0. 13 0. 38 0. 14 0. 13 0. 35 2 0. 40 0. 42 0. 35 2 0. 35 2 0. 20 2 0. 37 0. 28 0. 27 2 0. 34 2 0. 26 0. 56 0. 63 2 0. 09 2 0. 11 0. 47 0. 55 2 0. 52 2 0. 49 0. 48 2 0. 02 0. 03 0. 8 0. 53 2 0. 34 2 0. 32 0. 71 2 0. 39 0. 10 0. 10 2 0. 35 2 0. 35 0. 50 0. 40 2 0. 65 2 0. 56 4 nones zero(prenominal) applicable for r . 0. 06, p , 0. 05 r . 0. 08, p , 0. 01 r . 0. 10, p , 0. 001 (n = 785) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Variable 2. 04 1. 06 1 5 0. 80 13 Work-related health attributions 11 Table I. Correlations and descriptive statistics for the variables in the analysis IJWHM 2,1 12 Table II. Results of con? rmatory factor analysis of work-related health attributions and mental distress 2. 2. 2. Work climate. All climate variable s were measured utilise a ? ve-point Likert get over (1 ? strongly disagree 5 ? trongly agree). Job autonomy was assessed with a ? three-item index (Sverke and Sjoberg, 1994), including items (e. g. I have enough freedom as to how I do my work) drawn from Hackman and Oldham (1975) and Walsh et al. (1980). Quantitative role overload was measured using a three-item surpass (Beehr et al. , 1976), consisting of items such as I often have in addition much to do in my job. Qualitative role overload was measured with three items (e. g. I consider my responsibilities to be unreasonable Sverke et al. , 1999). Three items drawn from Nystedt (1992) were used to assess work group cohesiveness (e. g. Members stick together in my work group). Job challenge was measured with a three-item scale (e. g. Im learning new things all the time in my job) substantial by Hellgren et al. (1997). 2. 2. 3. Health-related variables. We used the short version of the General Health Questionnaire ( command p ost-12) to measure mental distress (Goldberg and Williams, 1988). The 12 items (e. g. Have you been feeling unhappy and depressed during the last two weeks? ) were scored on a scale ranging from 0 (never/ but ever) to 3 (always/almost always). Work-related health attributions were measured with a three-item scale developed for the present study.The items (I believe that my work affects my health in a negative way I think I can continue to work as I do now and remain healthy in the long run reverse coded If I had another job my health would probably be better) were scored on a ? ve-point Likert scale (1 ? strongly disagree 5 ? strongly agree). The scale measuring work-related health attributions demonstrated a satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha ? 0. 74), and we went on to investigate whether work-related health attributions and mental distress represented two distinct constructs. This was tested using con? rmatory factor analysis.Three subscales with four GHQ items in every scale were constructed (see Mathieu and Farr, 1991) creating three parallel indices. The GHQ subscales and the items measuring work-related health attributions were then subjected to the con? rmatory factor ? ? analysis procedures in Lisrel 8 (Joreskog and Sorbom, 1996). The chi-square value did not indicate a perfect ? t between the two-factor model and the data (see Table II), but since the chi-square test is sensitive to sample size (Bentler and Bonett, 1980), we also relied on other indicators to determine model ? t. The adjusted goodness-of-? t index ? ? AGFI Joreskog and Sorbom, 1996), the normed ? t index (NFI Bentler and Bonett, 1980), the Akaike measure (AIC Akaike, 1987), the standardized root mean square ? ? residual (SRMR Joreskog and Sorbom, 1996) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA mug and Cudeck, 1993) indicated that the two-factor model provided an improvement in ? t as compared to a model that tested for a single factor. Thus, our results indicate that work-related health attributions and mental distress represent two distinct constructs. The factor loadings ranged from 0. 78 to 0. 81 Model df x2 RMSEA SRMR AGFI AIC NFI Ddf Dx 2 Null 1 factor factors 15 9 8 2,851. 07* 426. 74* 7. 11* 0. 49 0. 24 0. 10 0. 42 0. 09 0. 04 0. 23 0. 64 0. 92 2,863. 07 450. 74 96. 11 0. 00 0. 83 0. 97 6 1 2,424. 33* 356. 63* Notes * p , 0. 05 not applicable for mental distress, and from 0. 73 to 0. 76 for work-related health attributions, indicating good local ? t. The inter-factor correlation was 0. 68. 2. 2. 4. Work attitudes. All attitude variables were measured using a ? ve-point Likert scale (1 ? strongly disagree 5 ? strongly agree). Job satisfaction was assessed with a three-item measure (e. g. I am satis? ed with my job) developed by Hellgren et al. (1999) on the basis of Bray? ld and Rothe (1951). Organizational commitment was measured using three items (e. g. The company means a lot to me personally) from Allen and Meyers (199 0) scale re? ecting the affectional dimension of commitment. Three items were used to assess turnover intention (e. g. I am actively looking for other jobs). The scale is based on items from Lyons (1971) and Cammann et al. (1979), and ? modi? ed and translated to Swedish by Sjoberg and Sverke (2000). 2. 3. Analyses Three moderated hierarchical regressions were conducted with job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention, respectively, as dependent variables.The interaction term between mental distress and work-related health attributions was formed by centering the predictors and calculating the product term, following the procedure described by Cohen et al. (2003). The control variables were entered in the ? rst (demographics) and bite (work climate) steps. The main effects of mental distress and work-related health attributions were entered in the third and fourth step, respectively, date the interaction term was entered in the ? fth and last step. 3. Resu lts Table 3 contains the results of the hierarchical multiple regression analyses.The demographic variables (gender, age, and education) explained 3 percent of the variance in job satisfaction. When the work climate variables were added in the second step, the total number of explained variance increased substantially to 58 percent, and an surplus 2 percent was explained by mental distress in the third step. In the fourth step, when negative work-related health attributions were entered, a total of 62 percent of the variance was explained (DR 2 ? 0. 02). However, the interaction term between mental distress and work-related health attributions ( quality 5) did not contribute signi? antly to the explained variance. The regression coef? cients from the last step showed that women and those without a university degree were more satis? ed with their job. Furthermore, autonomy, quantitative overload, work group cohesiveness, and job challenge were positively related to job satisfactio n. Of most importance to the present study was the ? nding that both mental distress and negative work-related health attributions were negatively related to job satisfaction and that they remained signi? cant predictors of job satisfaction when demographics and work climate variables were controlled for.In the next analysis, where organizational commitment was the dependent variable, the demographics explained 7 percent, the climate variables another 36 percent, and mental distress added 1 percent to the explained variance. Negative work-related health attributions added another 1 percent to the explained variance, whereas, again, the interaction effect was found to be non-signi? cant. Taken together, the model variables explained 43 percent of the variation in organizational commitment. All three demographics evidenced signi? cant effects in the last step being a woman, beingWork-related health attributions 13 IJWHM 2,1 14 Table III. Results of hierarchical multiple regression ana lyses (standardized regression coef? cients from the last step) Dependent variable Step 1 Gender (woman) Age Education (university) DR 2 Step 2 Job autonomy Quantitative role overload Qualitative role overload Work group cohesiveness Job challenge DR 2 Step 3 Mental distress DR 2 Step 4 Negative work-related health attributions DR 2 Step 5 Mental distress* Negative work-related health ttributions DR 2 Model R 2 adjusted Job satisfaction Organizational commitment Turnover intention 0. 2*** 0. 02 2 0. 06** 0. 03*** 0. 10** 0. 14*** 2 0. 08** 0. 07* 2 0. 13*** 2 0. 11*** 0. 07* 0. 05*** 0. 36*** 0. 05* 2 0. 01 0. 14*** 0. 31*** 0. 55*** 0. 24*** 0. 04 0. 06 0. 12*** 0. 34*** 0. 36*** 2 0. 13** 2 0. 08* 2 0. 04 2 0. 09** 2 0. 16*** 0. 24*** 2 0. 11*** 0. 02*** 2 0. 05 0. 01**** 0. 11** 0. 04*** 2 0. 20*** 0. 02*** 2 0. 12*** 0. 01*** 0. 35*** 0. 07*** 2 0. 04 0. 00 0. 63*** 2 0. 00 0. 00 0. 43*** 0. 06* 0. 00* 0. 39*** Notes * p , 0. 05 ** p , 0. 01 *** p , 0. 001 older, and having a lo wer education were all associated with higher levels of organizational commitment.All climate variables except quantitative overload were positively related to organizational commitment. Mental distress was unrelated to organizational commitment, whereas negative work-related health attributions were negatively related to the criterion. The demographic variables explained 5 percent of the variance in turnover intention in the ? rst step and the work climate variables in Step 2 added 24 percent to the variance explained. Mental distress in Step 3 added 4 percent and negative work-related health attributions another 7 percent in the next step.In the last step, when the interaction term was included, the variance explained increased by 6 units and the total model explained 39 percent. The interaction term was signi? cant individuals high in mental distress and reporting negative work-related health attributions exhibited the strongest intentions to quit whereas those with low levels of distress and less negative work-related health attributions expressed the strongest willingness to stay within the organization. This indicates that it makes a difference for the intentions to turnover if an individual with high mental distress attributes it to work or not.There were small effects of the demographic variables, indicating that men, younger persons, and individuals with a university degree had stronger intentions to leave the organization. In addition, most work climate variables, as well as mental distress (those high in mental distress account higher levels of turnover intentions), predicted turnover intention. The strongest standardized regression coef? cient was found for the relation between negative work-related health attributions and turnover intention. 4. DiscussionDespite the increased research interest in work-related stress and health problems, little attention has been paid to whether, or to what extent, individuals attributions of ill-health due to wor k (making negative work-related health attributions) affects attitudes towards work and the organization. Those few studies that have investigated this phenomenon (see for example Ettner and Grzywacz, 2001) have not studied how these work-related health attributions contribute to the understanding of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention.The present study indicates not only that the construct of negative work-related health attributions is distinct from subjective mental distress, but also that it has important implications for employee attitudes and behavioral intentions. Our results show that employees who reported negative work-related health attributions also expressed less satisfaction with their job, less commitment to the organization, and stronger intentions to leave the organization even after demographics, mental distress, and factors related to the work climate were controlled for.We proposed that there would be an interaction effect between mental distress and work-related health attributions on attitudes and turnover intention, such that the relation between mental distress and the outcome variables would be stronger for those with more negative work-related health attributions than for those not attributing their mental distress to their job. This proposition received partial support. While work-related health attributions failed to moderate the effects of mental distress on job satisfaction and organizational commitment, the interaction term was signi? ant for turnover intentions. This indicates that individuals with negative work-related health attributions and mental distress were more prone to leave the organization compared to individuals with the same level of mental distress but positive work-related health attributions. Hence, whether the individual attributes ill-health to work or not appears to be important for the effect of health status on outcomes, at least in the case of the intention to leave the organ ization.This result indicates that the concept of negative work-related health attributions may play an important role in explaining employees work-related behavioral intentions, and should be taken into account when the relation between health and outcomes is investigated. Another notable ? nding is that work-related health attributions were more important than mental distress for the prediction of work attitudes and insularism cognitions. In contrast to mental distress, which only predicted job satisfaction and turnover intentions, work-related health attributions predicted all three outcomes.That mental distress only appears to contribute to a limited extent is contrary to previous arguments that health status is important for employee work motivation and behavioral orientations (e. g. Hom, 2002). One explanation for our ? ndings may have to do with the fact that work-related health attributions concern perceived health risks that are associated with the overall work situation, whereas measures of ill-health, such as mental distress, may concern any aspect of an individuals life, not only factors related to the job. As long as the individual does not hold negative work-related healthWork-related health attributions 15 IJWHM 2,1 16 attributions, it is conceivable that subjective health and well-being are only marginally predictive of attitudes towards work. Negative work-related health attributions may wherefore be a better predictor of work-related attitudes and behaviors, and should be included in future research on work-related outcomes. The construct of work-related health attributions can thus have great practical utility, since it in a rather simple and direct way captures how individuals perceive that their work affects their health.This is also in agreement with Harter et al. (2003), who suggest that researchers have conceived employee well-being too broadly and often in a way which is not intuitively actionable for managers and employees. It is al so important to note that negative work-related health attributions predicted work attitudes and turnover intention after controlling not only for mental distress and demographics, but also for characteristics of the psychological work climate.Our data from Swedish white-collar workers showed that, consistent with meta-analysis ? ndings (Parker et al. , 2003), job autonomy, role overload, work group cohesiveness, and job challenge were associated with lower levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The present study also goes beyond previous research by suggesting that the evident effects of work climate variables remained after subjective well-being and work-related health attributions had been taken into account.The fact that negative work-related health attributions emerged as one of the strongest predictors of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention clearly indicates that models for the predicting of employee attitudes and behavior cou ld be improved by the inclusion of work-related health attributions. The results from the present study and previous research (see for example ? European Foundation, 2001 Ettner and Grzywacz, 2001 Goransson et al. , 2002) indicate that attributions of work-related ill-health can be understood in terms of psychological contract theory (e. . Rousseau, 1989). most employees expect that their employers will strive to provide a healthy workplace, and such an assumption is typically sustained by labor law regulations and collective dicker agreements. If employees experience a work situation which they deem as likely to bring about ill-health, it will be in contrast to their expectations, and thus most likely be perceived as a breach of the psychological contract with the employer (see Robinson and Morrison, 2000).Perceptions of a breach of the psychological contract are likely to result in negative work-related attitudes and withdrawal behaviors (Davy et al. , 1997 Turnley and Feldman, 19 99). The ? nding that negative work-related health attributions were associated with impaired job satisfaction, lower organizational commitment, and stronger turnover intention may be interpreted as the result of a perceived breach of the psychological contract. However, while psychological contract breach was not the main focus in the present study, future research may bene? from explicitly including this concept in the explanatory framework. 4. 1. Limitations and future research Although the results of the present study point to the relevance of the concept of work-related health attributions, our conclusions may be affected by a number of methodological issues. For instance, we utilized data from a single point in time, thus prohibiting the study of laic order between negative work-related health attributions and its postulated consequences. However, cross-sectional research is a necessary ? rst step to empirically explore theoretical hypotheses before investments in ongitudinal data are fruitful (Spector, 1994), and two events must be found to co-vary with one another before the causal link can be explored. Furthermore, our results were based on Swedish white-collar employees in a particular service industry, and a replication of the present study using longitudinal data as well as data from different industrial sectors in different countries would be necessary before any ? rm conclusions concerning the generality of the ? ndings can be drawn. All variables were assessed using questionnaires, thus potentially making the results susceptible to mono-method bias (Campbell and Fiske, 1959).Even though meta-analytic research suggests that method variance represents less of a problem than has been assumed in the previous(prenominal) (Crampton and Wagner, 1994), the use of other types of data, such as interviews or diaries, would contribute to a better understanding of the role played by work-related health attributions. In addition, while we controlled for a n umber of factors known to be related to job satisfaction (Loher et al. , 1985), organizational commitment (Mathieu and Zajac, 1990), and turnover intention (Griffeth et al. 2000), it would be relevant to take additional control variables, such as personality characteristics, into account in order not to over-estimate the effects of work-related health attributions. Finally, only three potential outcomes of negative work-related health attributions were considered. Despite the consistent associations found between negative work-related health attributions and employee attitudes and turnover intention, it might be that negative work-related health attributions are less predictive of other factors, such as job performance, safety behavior, and more importantly, occupational injuries and sick-leave. . 2. Concluding remarks Despite these potential limitations, the results of the present study clearly suggest that the investigation of employees negative work-related health attributions is an important avenue for future research on work and well-being. The results suggest not only that individuals evaluate how work may affect their health and well-being, but also that such perceptions may have important implications for their attitudinal and behavioral orientations toward work.The measure of negative work-related health attributions could be used as a symptomatic instrument for identifying those individuals who are more likely than others to perceive health-threatening conditions at work. The construct can be useful for employers in order to identify and help employees who experience threats to their health due to their jobs. Given that power imbalances may inhibit the direct communication of interests with an employer (Rousseau, 2001), such that more vulnerable individuals, for instance temporary employees, are less likely to share ? nformation on health risks at work (Aronsson and Goransson, 1998), the collection of information regarding work-related health attribu tions could be one means for employees to communicate this important information with their employer. Work-related health attributions may also constitute a more direct way of assessing the effect of work on health, and may therefore be more useful as a complement to research which gathers information on aspects of the work situation in order to predict health.An important area for future research is how individuals may take these work-related health attributions into account when making decisions regarding their Work-related health attributions 17 IJWHM 2,1 18 work situation, such as changing work tasks, work setting, or even occupation. 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Was the Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima Justified

Were the Americans justified in falling the atomic conk outs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945? The lackping of the atomic neglect on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in 1945 by the Americans is a genuinely controversial issue with no definite answer. Both sides of the issue progress to very justifiable arguments. Reasons for drop the bomb include the fact that Trumans options were limited at this point in the war, that the bomb did have the want outcome of Japans bear and that the majority of reasons America had for dropping the bomb are justifiable.On the other hand, the atomic bomb was comp allowe new applied science and there is no course that Japan could have possibly been ready for it and for that reason the dropping of the atomic bomb is very much morally and ethically wrong. It is also primal to intend that two bombs were dropped, both with different motivations and it is quite possible that while one is justifiable, the other is non. thither were many reasons why America would have chosen to drop the bomb and the majority can be justified. Before the atomic bomb was dropped, America was nearing the end of the war.They had made the Potsdam declaration requesting Japans surrender and at this point had the Japanese at a very weak position. At a similar time, the Americans had completed the development of the Atomic bomb or Project Manhattan that, after Germany surrendered, had no other competition. A lot money had been put into the development of the bomb and at this point, Trumans options were limited. Invasion was out of the question due to the Japaneses strong military and patriotic values The continuation of conventional bombings and a naval blockade were also considered but deemed unsuitable.The negation of surrender had been tried with the Potsdam Declaration and had failed. It is grave to point out that by ignoring the declaration the Japanese in effect gave their acceptance of the Americans threats of prompt and utter destruction. 1 Am erica and Britain were both aware(p) that the development of the bomb meant they no longer relied on the allied troops from Russia, and with the fear of communism, this was a motivation for the dropping of the bomb It is quite clear that the US do not at the present time desire Russian participation in the war against Japan 2. There was also the question of time.The atomic bomb was by far the quickest way that America could see for the ending of the war, and they were eager to end the war as before long, Russia would become involved making a heavier casualty treasure inevitable. America were also a very powerful country now they had the development of the Atomic Bomb, it would have been a waste to not be able to show their true power and the true destruction they could use through the bomb. There is also the point that the Americans were looking for revenge against the Japanese, as they had injured and killed many American soldiers, and even more to come, had the Americans not tak en quick action.Looking back at the dropping of the bomb, it is possible to say that it was a method of prevention in many different circumstances. Firstly, the dropping of the bomb meant that the war would be over The atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ended World War II. There can be no doubt of that. 3 It is possible that leaving the war longer could have resulted in a much worse fatality rate for both Japan and America. Also, the dropping of the atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima effectively decided the use of atomic technology for weapons for the future.Before the dropping of the bomb, people had no motif of the severity and power of atomic weaponry and therefore, the argument can be made that the dropping of the atomic bomb prevented a lot more weighty cases that could have happened say the power of atomic bombs was not explored at this time. The dropping of the atomic bomb caused great loss of life, and there are many arguments suggesting the dropping of the bomb w as both morally and ethically wrong. There is no way that the Japanese could have been prepared for the dropping of the atomic bomb as the man had never witnessed some social function like the bomb before.The Americans had the opportunity of demonstrating the power of the bomb on a retire fromed area and showing the Japanese what they were facing. This was proposed by a chip of American scientists, but rejected by the Military Leaders we did not think exploding one of these things as a firecracker over a desert was likely to be impressive. 4 There was the option of dropping the bomb on purely a military target, yet the Americans chose a target that not tho affected Japans military, but took the lives of many civilians. The Americans were alship canal slightly racist towards theJapanese or colored people and this could easily have been secret motivation for the dropping of such a severe form of bomb. There is also the consideration of the two different bombs. The American militar y leaders would have been completely aware of the severity of damage of atomic bombs after Little Boy was dropped yet they still went on to drop Fat Man. It is possible that while the first bomb could be excusable, the dropping of a second, in full knowledge of the damage that it would cause, is not only unnecessary but definitely morally incorrect. It is also important to consider the Trumans alternatives once again.From the Americans point of view, Trumans options were very limited, but peaceableness could have been found through the Japanese and the Soviet Union, a pathway which the President was aware of but didnt really explore. It can also be pointed out that the Potsdam declaration was a very vinegarish document, especially on a country with such strong patriotic values. Had the declaration not requested unconditional surrender5 and had in fact let Japan keep some of their imperial rule, they could have been more likely to accept the declaration. Japan was already very vuln erable when America chose to drop the bomb.In reality, it was only a matter of time before Japan would have needed to surrender anyway. America knew that Japan would need to surrender soon as they were unable to import or export goods it was quite logical to hope and expect that with the proper kind of warning the Japanese would have made peace. 6 It really was only a matter of time before Japan would have had to surrender and America knew that. It is possible that the Americans were not just interested in the ending of the war, but had other reasons such as racial discrimination, revenge and greed for power to drop the two atomic bombs.In my opinion, the Americans have replete reasons to justify the dropping of the bomb. They gave the Japanese sufficient warning of their plan through the Potsdam declaration and it was the Japaneses mistake to ignore this. They also completed the desired outcome with Japans surrender. For these reasons America can justify their reasons for dropping the bomb. However, being able to justify something does not mean it is necessarily the best thing to do, and I think that it was morally incorrect to make the Japanese uffer to the extent that they did considering that the war was almost over. The fact that America chose to drop two bombs changes my opinion importantly as well. The first bomb can be looked with the idea that America was not aware of the damage they could cause, however a second bomb was barbarous and inexcusable. The Americans were after more than just the end of the war, they wanted the Japanese to feel their power and to have revenge In being first to use it we had substantial ethical standards common to barbarians in the dark ages. 7 The bomb however has benefitted the world in the way that it has prevented anything like the atomic bomb disaster from occurring again, and the use of this technology earlier on could easily have prevented a later, more severe disaster. The dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima can be justified and looked at as a mistake that possibly had many benefits. The dropping of the bomb on Nagasaki was an example of the Americans greed for power and race drive revenge. In conclusion, I think that America had very strong reasons for dropping the bomb, some of which are valid and some of which are not.This said they should not have dropped it as they knew the effect that this bomb was going to have on Japan, especially when Japan was so unprepared, and there would have been much more appropriate ways of ending the war. 1 Lewis, Robert AGORA, Vol. 25, No 1, 1990, HTAV, Source 9, page 29 2 Lewis, Robert AGORA Vol. 25, No 2, 1990, HTAV, Source 22, page 19 3 Lewis, Robert AGORA, Vol. 25, No 1, 1990, HTAV, page 19 4 Lewis, Robert AGORA Vol. 25, No 2, 1990, HTAV, Source 16, page 14 5 Lewis, Robert AGORA, Vol. 25, No 1, 1990, HTAV, Source 9, page 29 6 Ibid page 34, source 14 7 Ibid page 19